<HTML>਍㰀䠀䔀䄀䐀㸀ഀഀ
<TITLE>Nuclear Fusion, Magnetized Target Fusion, Plasma Impact Fusion</TITLE>਍㰀⼀䠀䔀䄀䐀㸀ഀഀ
<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#0055FF" VLINK="#0000CC"਍䄀䰀䤀一䬀㴀∀⌀䌀䌀　　　　∀㸀ഀഀ
<P>਍㰀吀䄀䈀䰀䔀 䈀䜀䌀伀䰀伀刀㴀∀⌀䔀䔀䐀䐀䐀䐀∀ 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀氀攀昀琀∀ 䌀䔀䰀䰀匀倀䄀䌀䤀一䜀㴀∀㈀∀ 䌀䔀䰀䰀倀䄀䐀䐀䤀一䜀㴀∀㄀　∀㸀ഀഀ
<TR><TH><A HREF="index.htm#homepage">Home</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䔀渀攀爀最礀 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䔀渀攀爀最礀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Micro Fusion Contents.htm">Nuclear</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䔀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䔀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Climate Contents.htm">Climate Change</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䰀椀最栀琀椀渀最 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䰀椀最栀琀椀渀最 䌀漀渀琀爀漀氀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="contacts.htm#contacts">Contacts</A></TH>   ਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䰀椀渀欀猀⸀栀琀洀⌀氀椀渀欀猀∀㸀䰀椀渀欀猀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
</TR>਍㰀⼀吀䄀䈀䰀䔀㸀ഀഀ
</P>਍㰀䈀刀 䌀䰀䔀䄀刀㴀∀愀氀氀∀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䌀伀䰀伀刀㴀∀⌀䌀䌀　　　　∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀嘀攀爀搀愀渀愀Ⰰ 䄀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀攀氀瘀攀琀椀挀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䠀㄀㸀堀夀䰀䔀一䔀 倀伀圀䔀刀 䰀吀䐀⸀㰀⼀䠀㄀㸀ഀഀ
</FONT>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀嘀攀爀搀愀渀愀Ⰰ 䄀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀攀氀瘀攀琀椀挀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
<H2>PLASMA IMPACT FUSION</H2>਍㰀䠀㌀㸀伀嘀䔀刀嘀䤀䔀圀㰀⼀䠀㌀㸀ഀഀ
<H4>By Charles Rhodes, P.Eng., Ph.D.</H4>਍㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀䘀伀一吀 匀䤀娀䔀㴀∀㈀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀嘀攀爀搀愀渀愀Ⰰ 䄀爀椀愀氀Ⰰ 䠀攀氀瘀攀琀椀挀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<BIG><P><B>PLASMA IMPACT FUSION INTRODUCTION:</B><BR>਍㰀䈀㸀倀氀愀猀洀愀 䤀洀瀀愀挀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 ⠀倀䤀䘀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀 椀猀 愀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 戀愀猀攀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀猀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 愀渀搀 氀椀琀栀椀甀洀 椀渀琀漀 栀攀氀椀甀洀ⴀ㐀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀椀渀最 氀椀戀攀爀愀琀攀搀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 栀攀愀琀 椀猀 椀渀琀攀渀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀   㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 挀愀渀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 戀攀渀攀昀椀琀猀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 昀椀猀猀椀漀渀 眀栀椀氀攀 攀氀椀洀椀渀愀琀椀渀最 洀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 昀椀猀猀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀倀䤀䘀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀猀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ猀琀愀戀氀攀 栀椀最栀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀爀搀攀爀攀搀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 愀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀Ⰰ 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 琀漀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀琀 愀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 最愀猀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 椀渀琀漀 愀 昀甀氀氀礀 椀漀渀椀稀攀搀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 甀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 漀昀 愀 爀愀搀椀愀氀氀礀 挀漀氀氀愀瀀猀椀渀最  猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 琀漀 愀搀椀愀戀愀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 栀攀愀琀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀 琀栀攀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 琀漀 㰀䈀㸀昀甀猀椀漀渀㰀⼀䈀㸀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀⸀  䠀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀氀愀猀洀愀 䤀洀瀀愀挀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P></BIG>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>PLASMA IMPACT FUSION (PIF) CONCEPT:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀猀 洀愀爀爀椀愀最攀 漀昀 昀椀瘀攀 搀椀猀琀椀渀挀琀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最椀攀猀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
1. Electrical formation of deuterium (H-2) plasma spheromaks with energies of about 3000 J and lifetimes of about 2.0 ms;<BR>਍㈀⸀ 䘀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 昀甀氀氀礀 椀漀渀椀稀攀搀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀搀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 ⠀䠀ⴀ㈀ ⬀ 䠀ⴀ㌀⤀ 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 戀礀 椀渀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 䠀ⴀ㈀ ⬀ 䠀ⴀ㌀ 最愀猀 洀椀砀琀甀爀攀 椀渀琀漀 愀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
3. Adiabatic compression of the confined random (H-2 - H-3) plasma to fusion conditions using a spherically convergent high velocity liquid lead shell;<BR>਍㐀⸀ 䈀爀攀攀搀椀渀最 漀昀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 䠀ⴀ㌀ 琀漀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 戀礀 甀猀椀渀最 䰀椀ⴀ㜀 琀漀 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀礀 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀猀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 ⠀䠀ⴀ㈀ ⬀ 䠀ⴀ㌀⤀ 昀甀猀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 甀猀椀渀最 䰀椀ⴀ㘀 琀漀 挀愀瀀琀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 氀椀戀攀爀愀琀攀搀 渀攀甀琀爀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 昀漀爀洀 洀漀爀攀 䠀ⴀ㌀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀 ഀഀ
5. Cryogenic separation of H-2 and H-3 from other gases.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>CONCEPT INTEGRATION:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 倀氀愀猀洀愀 䤀洀瀀愀挀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 愀爀攀 渀漀琀 渀攀眀⸀  匀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀猀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀攀搀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 愀琀 匀椀洀漀渀 䘀爀愀猀攀爀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㘀㠀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 眀栀攀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 挀漀渀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀猀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 椀洀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 搀椀搀 渀漀琀 攀砀椀猀琀㬀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀攀瘀愀渀琀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 栀愀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀攀渀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀攀搀㬀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 愀渀搀 䘀刀䌀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 眀攀氀氀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀漀漀搀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䴀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀攀瀀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀氀礀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 愀琀 愀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 猀挀愀氀攀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀猀攀 猀琀攀瀀猀 椀渀琀漀 愀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀愀氀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀 爀攀洀愀椀渀猀 琀漀 戀攀 搀漀渀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀猀 愀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 洀漀搀攀氀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀  䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀愀氀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀猀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 攀砀琀攀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀⸀  唀渀琀椀氀 琀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 渀攀琀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 椀猀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀愀渀挀攀 眀椀氀氀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 甀渀挀攀爀琀愀椀渀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀匀倀䠀䔀刀伀䴀䄀䬀匀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
There is a semi-stable ordered plasma configuration known as a "spheromak" that stores potential energy in the form of strong electric and magnetic fields.  Spheromaks are also knoown as  toroidal plasmas, compact toroids or electron spiral toroids.  Understanding spheromaks is key to understanding the PIF process for achieving thermal nuclear fusion.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀圀椀琀栀 猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 椀渀 愀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 ㈀　　㈀ 琀漀 ㈀　㄀㈀ 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 搀椀搀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀⸀ 䄀 瀀栀漀琀漀最爀愀瀀栀 漀昀 愀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀搀 戀礀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 椀猀 猀栀漀眀渀 戀攀氀漀眀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀㰀⼀䈀䤀䜀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䤀䴀䜀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀氀攀昀琀∀ 匀刀䌀㴀∀瀀氀愀猀洀愀开琀漀爀漀椀搀开㈀⸀瀀渀最∀㸀ഀഀ
<BR CLEAR="all"></P>਍ഀഀ
<P><A HREF="GF Spheromaks.htm"> PLASMA SPHEROMAKS</A> are described in detail on accompanying web pages.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀䄀䌀䬀一伀圀䰀䔀䐀䜀䔀䴀䔀一吀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<B>MFI</B> hereby acknowledges receipt from General Fusion Inc. of quantitative measurements of typical spheromak parameters before and after spheromak compression.  As set out on the web pages titled <A HREF="GF Spheromak Properties.htm">SPHEROMAK PROPERTIES</A> and <A HREF="GF Spheromak Generator.htm">SPHEROMAK GENERATOR</A>, this experimental data confirms almost all of the spheromak related theory that is presented on this web site.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>THEORY BASIS:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 栀漀猀攀 愀渀搀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 猀栀攀攀琀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀攀搀 栀攀爀攀椀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 猀椀洀瀀氀椀昀椀攀猀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀猀 愀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 挀愀猀攀 漀昀 愀 洀漀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 洀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀愀氀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 琀栀愀琀 爀攀氀愀琀攀猀 焀甀愀渀琀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 爀愀搀椀愀渀琀 攀渀攀爀最礀 琀漀 焀甀愀渀琀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀栀愀爀最攀 椀渀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 瀀愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀攀猀 琀栀攀 倀氀愀渀挀欀 挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 椀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 漀昀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 瀀愀爀愀洀攀琀攀爀猀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>SPHEROMAK PROPERTIES:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 琀漀琀愀氀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 攀渀攀爀最礀 㰀䈀㸀䔀琀琀㰀⼀䈀㸀 椀猀 挀漀洀瀀漀猀攀搀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀Ⰰ 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀 愀渀搀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 挀漀洀瀀漀渀攀渀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀 愀爀椀猀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀✀猀 渀攀琀 挀栀愀爀最攀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀⸀  吀栀攀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀 攀渀攀爀最礀 愀爀椀猀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀椀爀挀甀氀愀琀椀渀最 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀 搀甀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀瀀椀爀愀氀 洀漀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 椀漀渀猀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 愀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 瀀愀琀栀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>For a particular spheromak net charge <B>Qs</B>, total field energy <B>Ett</B> and a number of free electrons <B>Ne</B> there is an electron velocity <B>Ve</B> and hence a free electron kinetic energy <B>Eke</B> that results in a physically stable spheromak that can be moved in space and that does not rely on external fields. The charged particle motion has toroidal and poloidal components that lead to spheromak regions with purely toroidal and purely poloidal magnetic fields.  The relative strength of these magnetic fields  determines the spheromak shape.</P> ਍ഀഀ
<P>Linear compression of a spheromak while holding its net charge <B>Qs</B> constant increases the spheromak's total energy <B>Ett</B>.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>A spheromak exhibits a lifetime <B>Ts</B> after which it spontaneously randomizes.  This author believes that the spheromak lifetime <B>Ts</B> is governed by impact ionization of neutral gas molecules by energetic free electrons in the spheromak and by electron emission from the surrounding enclosure walls. This electron emission is a function of the electric field at the wall, the wall temperature and the wall material work function.  Maximizing the spheromak lifetime is essential to the success of the PIF process.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>Two suitably sized and magnetically oriented spheromaks can merge to form a plasma with a mainly poloidal magnetic field.  This merged plasma is known as a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC).</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>In order to realize sufficient ion energy gain to attain fusion conditions from an adiabatic plasma compression by a liquid lead shell deuterium-tritium gas must first be fully ionized by energy absorption from spheromak(s) and the resulting deuterium-tritium plasma must be randomized.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>An important  issue is that when a spheromak randomizes the field energy contained in spheromak preferentially converts to plasma free electron kinetic energy instead of plasma ion kinetic energy.  However, it is plasma ion kinetic energy that causes nuclear fusion.  The issue of efficient transfer of free electron kinetic energy to random ion kinetic energy immediately prior to compression of the random plasma by the liquid lead needs careful attention.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>PIF NUCLEAR REACTIONS:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀猀 愀 挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 挀愀渀 戀攀 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀稀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀猀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
H-2 + H-3 = He-4 + n + 17.59 MeV<BR>਍愀渀搀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
n + Li-7  = 2 n + Li-6<BR>਍愀渀搀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
n + Li-6 = He-4 + H-3</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀渀 愀 爀攀愀氀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 漀渀氀礀 昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 䘀爀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀愀渀琀猀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 昀甀猀攀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>  ਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀 䔀一䔀刀䜀夀 䘀䔀䔀䐀䈀䄀䌀䬀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
In order for the PIF reactions to run there must be energy feedback from the reaction products back into the reactants. The energy feedback is electrical rather than heat.  Conversion of output heat into feedback electrical energy causes additional heat dissipation. At full rated load  a PIF energy system produces about twice as much waste heat per kWhe of net electricity output as does a fission energy system.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀 䌀伀一匀吀刀䄀䤀一吀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
A practical constraint on application of PIF technology is emission of vibration comparable to the vibration emitted by a very large shipboard diesel engine.   Hence a <B>PIF</B> power plant is not suitable for installation in a dense urban environment.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>PIF SEQUENCE:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀渀最 猀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀 挀愀渀 戀攀 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀稀攀搀 戀礀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
1) Generate two deuterium plasma spheromaks, each with an energy of about 3000 J;<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
2) Inject the two deuterium plasma spheromaks into a <B>4.4 m I.D.</B> spherical pressure vessel;<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
3) Use an array of flywheel guns firing liquid lead slugs to form a <B>2.9 m I.D.</B> spherical radially converging liquid lead shell around the spheromaks with initial kinetic energy <B>Ekld = 65.5 MJ</B>;<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
4) Use high speed ball valves to isolate the plasma injectors from the spherical pressure vessel:<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
5) Inject additional deuterium-tritium gas into the liquid lead shell;<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
6) Transfer stored energy from the spheromaks to the deuterium-tritium gas to form a fully ionized random deuterium-tritium plasma with a particle kinetic energy of about <B>3.5 eV</B>;<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
7) Use the spherically converging liquid lead shell to adiabatically compress the  random deuterium plasma to fusion conditions in the plasma radius range:<BR>਍ 㰀䈀㸀㌀⸀㜀㜀 洀洀 㰀 刀椀 㰀 㜀⸀㔀㐀 洀洀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 Where the plasma thermal energy Ep is in the range:<BR>਍㰀䈀㸀䔀欀氀搀 㸀 䔀瀀 㸀 ⠀䔀欀氀搀 ⼀ 㐀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㠀⤀ 䴀愀椀渀琀愀椀渀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 眀栀椀氀攀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 㔀　─ 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 椀漀渀猀 昀甀猀攀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㤀⤀ 䌀愀瀀琀甀爀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 戀礀 栀攀愀琀椀渀最 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 昀爀漀洀 渀攀愀爀 椀琀猀 洀攀氀琀椀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀 琀漀 渀攀愀爀 椀琀猀 戀漀椀氀椀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀 愀渀搀 戀礀 栀攀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 洀愀猀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 最甀渀猀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㄀　⤀ 䄀氀氀漀眀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 琀椀洀攀 昀漀爀 栀漀琀 氀攀愀搀 瘀愀瀀漀爀 琀漀 挀漀渀搀攀渀猀攀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㄀㄀⤀ 伀瀀攀渀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 猀瀀攀攀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀 瀀漀爀琀 戀愀氀氀 瘀愀氀瘀攀猀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㄀㈀⤀ 嘀愀挀甀甀洀 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀 愀氀氀 最愀猀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀猀猀攀氀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㄀㌀⤀ 䠀愀爀瘀攀猀琀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 戀礀 瀀甀洀瀀椀渀最 琀栀攀 栀漀琀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀渀 攀砀琀攀爀渀愀氀 栀攀愀琀 攀砀挀栀愀渀最攀爀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㄀㐀⤀ 䌀漀渀瘀攀爀琀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀搀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀渀琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㄀㔀⤀ 刀攀氀漀愀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 最甀渀猀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㄀㘀⤀ 䤀渀椀琀椀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀 猀攀焀甀攀渀挀攀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀洀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀䤀䘀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 愀渀搀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀猀猀攀氀 椀渀 猀琀攀瀀 ⠀㈀⤀ 愀戀漀瘀攀 戀攀 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 琀漀 愀氀氀漀眀 椀洀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀琀攀瀀 ⠀㌀⤀ 愀戀漀瘀攀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 椀渀搀椀瘀椀搀甀愀氀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㌀　　　 䨀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 洀椀渀椀洀甀洀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀 椀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 ㈀⸀　 洀匀⸀  䄀挀栀椀攀瘀椀渀最 琀栀攀猀攀 挀漀洀戀椀渀攀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 瀀愀爀愀洀攀琀攀爀猀 椀猀 愀 琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀 挀栀愀氀氀攀渀最攀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>In order for the PIF process to function there must be efficient capture and storage of fusion pulse energy output and efficient conversion of the stored flywheel mechanical energy into liquid lead shell radially convergent kinetic energy.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䔀愀挀栀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀 渀漀洀椀渀愀氀氀礀 爀攀氀攀愀猀攀猀 㘀　　 䴀䨀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀  倀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀猀 搀椀猀猀椀瀀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 栀攀愀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 戀甀氀欀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀⸀  吀栀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀搀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 攀渀攀爀最礀 瘀愀瀀漀爀椀稀攀猀 琀栀攀 椀渀渀攀爀 猀甀爀昀愀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 挀愀甀猀椀渀最 愀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瀀甀氀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 猀瀀爀愀礀猀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 漀甀琀眀愀爀搀 琀漀眀愀爀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 最甀渀 洀甀稀稀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 眀愀氀氀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀猀猀攀氀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䄀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀  㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀漀眀攀爀 爀攀愀挀琀漀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 渀漀洀椀渀愀氀 最爀漀猀猀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀㘀　　 䴀䨀 瀀攀爀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀㰀⼀䈀㸀 椀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 㰀䈀㸀㄀㜀 洀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 堀 ㌀　 洀 栀椀最栀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀甀砀椀氀氀椀愀爀礀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 瘀愀挀甀甀洀 瀀甀洀瀀椀渀最Ⰰ 攀砀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 最愀猀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀椀渀最Ⰰ 栀椀最栀 瘀漀氀琀愀最攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀漀眀攀爀 猀甀瀀瀀氀礀 愀渀搀 栀攀愀琀 琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀 琀椀琀氀攀搀㨀 㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䜀䘀 倀䤀䘀 倀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀 倀䤀䘀 倀刀伀䌀䔀匀匀㰀⼀䄀㸀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀猀 愀 搀攀琀愀椀氀攀搀 猀琀攀瀀 戀礀 猀琀攀瀀 爀攀瘀椀攀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀   伀琀栀攀爀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀猀 昀漀挀甀猀 漀渀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 瀀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀漀爀礀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀 䔀砀挀攀瀀琀 眀栀攀爀攀 漀琀栀攀爀眀椀猀攀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀氀氀攀挀琀甀愀氀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 椀猀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀Ⰰ 堀礀氀攀渀攀 倀漀眀攀爀 䰀琀搀⸀ 愀渀搀 䴀椀挀爀漀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䰀琀搀⸀ ⠀䴀䘀䤀⤀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀䴀䄀䨀伀刀 倀䤀䘀 䐀䔀嘀䔀䰀伀倀䴀䔀一吀 匀吀䔀倀匀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
There are four major technical developments required for successful implementation of the PIF process:<BR>਍㄀⤀ 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 愀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀⼀椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀 琀栀愀琀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀猀 ㌀　　　 䨀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 　⸀㘀 洀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 瀀漀爀琀 眀椀琀栀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀猀 漀昀 愀琀 氀攀愀猀琀 ㈀⸀　 洀猀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍㈀⤀ 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀 昀甀氀氀 瀀漀爀琀 椀猀漀氀愀琀椀漀渀 戀愀氀氀 瘀愀氀瘀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 　⸀㘀 洀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 瀀漀爀琀猀 愀渀搀 愀 挀氀漀猀甀爀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 氀攀猀猀 琀栀愀渀 㜀 洀猀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;<BR>਍ഀഀ
3) Develop a spherical liquid lead shell based random plasma adiabatic compression system with an initial liquid lead sphere inside radius of 1.45 m, an initial liquid lead shell wall thickness of 5.168 mm and an initial liquid lead radial velocity of - 300 m / s. <BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
਍㐀⤀ 䐀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 琀栀攀 琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 昀甀攀氀 戀爀攀攀搀椀渀最 猀礀猀琀攀洀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 琀漀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀愀戀氀礀 昀甀攀氀 琀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 爀攀愀挀琀漀爀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>THE PARTIES:</B><BR>਍㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最攀渀攀爀愀氀昀甀猀椀漀渀⸀挀漀洀∀㸀㰀䈀㸀䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀⼀䄀㸀 椀猀 愀 挀漀洀瀀愀渀礀 戀愀猀攀搀 椀渀 䈀甀爀渀愀戀礀Ⰰ 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀椀愀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀椀渀最 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 愀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀 琀栀愀琀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 㰀䈀㸀䴀愀最渀攀琀椀稀攀搀 吀愀爀最攀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 ⠀䴀吀䘀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><A HREF="contacts.htm"> <B>Micro Fusion International Limited</B></A> <B>(MFI)</B> is a company based in Ireland with engineering offices in Canada.  <B>MFI</B> is responsible for the spheromak related theory and the <B>PIF</B> process development that are presented on this web site.  Xylene Power Ltd. and MFI have spent the years since 2002 studying the physics, engineering, utility rates and business conditions that are required for successful implementation of <B>Plasma Impact Fusion (PIF)</B>.  The principals of MFI also have extensive experince in contracting, design, construction, operation and maintenance of small grid parallel electricity generation power plants.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>COMPARISON OF THE PIF AND MTF PROCESSES:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀氀愀猀洀愀 䤀洀瀀愀挀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 ⠀倀䤀䘀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 椀猀 椀渀 猀漀洀攀 眀愀礀猀 猀椀洀椀氀愀爀 琀漀 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀䴀愀最渀攀琀椀稀攀搀 吀愀爀最攀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 ⠀䴀吀䘀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 琀栀愀琀 㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀栀琀琀瀀㨀⼀⼀眀眀眀⸀最攀渀攀爀愀氀昀甀猀椀漀渀⸀挀漀洀∀㸀㰀䈀㸀䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀⼀䄀㸀 漀昀 䈀甀爀渀愀戀礀Ⰰ 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 䌀漀氀甀洀戀椀愀Ⰰ 椀猀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀椀渀最 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>An important distinction between the General Fusion Inc. <B>MTF</B> process and the Micro Fusion International Ltd. <B>PIF</B> process is that <B>MTF</B> relies on adiabatic compression of a spheromak by radially  convergent liquid lead whereas <B>PIF</B> relies on use of the energy contained in the spheromaks to heat injected deuterium-tritium gas sufficiently to form a random plasma which is then adiabatically compressed by the high velocity spherically convergent liquid lead shell.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀䴀吀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 爀攀氀椀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 椀漀渀猀 琀漀 昀甀攀氀 琀栀攀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀栀攀爀攀愀猀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 爀攀氀椀攀猀 漀渀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 椀渀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 栀愀猀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀⠀猀⤀Ⰰ 琀漀 昀甀攀氀 琀栀攀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 爀攀氀椀攀猀 漀渀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 椀漀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 戀礀 栀椀最栀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀爀攀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 琀漀 琀爀椀最最攀爀 爀愀瀀椀搀 愀渀搀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 攀渀攀爀最礀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀✀猀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀 愀渀搀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀猀 琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 渀攀眀氀礀 攀渀攀爀最椀稀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀猀 琀栀攀渀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀 琀栀攀椀爀 攀砀挀攀猀猀 攀渀攀爀最礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 椀漀渀猀 瘀椀愀 眀愀氀氀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 爀愀渀搀漀洀 挀漀氀氀椀猀椀漀渀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀䴀吀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 爀攀氀椀攀猀 漀渀 猀琀攀愀洀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 瀀椀猀琀漀渀猀 眀栀攀爀攀愀猀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 爀攀氀椀攀猀 漀渀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀氀礀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 昀氀礀眀栀攀攀氀 最甀渀猀 昀漀爀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>Another important distinction between <B>MTF</B> and <B>PIF</B> is that during the early part of the adiabatic  compression by liquid lead <B>MTF</B> relies on persistence of the spheromak structure to prevent trapped ions leaking out along the spheromak injection axis of the MTF compressing liquid lead vortex.   In contrast <B>PIF</B> avoids ion leakage along the spheromak injection axis by completely enclosing the spheromaks with a liquid lead shell before injecting the deuterium-tritium fuel and adiabatically compressing the resulting random plasma.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>This author believes that the present General Fusion implementation of <B>MTF</B> will fail  because of:<BR>਍愀⤀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 氀椀洀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀✀猀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀漀爀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀 戀⤀ 嘀愀瀀漀爀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 甀猀攀 漀昀 氀椀琀栀椀甀洀 愀氀氀漀礀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 氀攀愀搀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 爀攀氀礀椀渀最 甀瀀漀渀 昀漀爀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀爀椀琀椀甀洀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
c) Axial leakage of D-T ions along the spheromak injection axis, prior to complete closure of the liquid lead shell;<BR>਍搀⤀ 䄀渀 椀渀猀甀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 䐀ⴀ吀 椀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀⠀猀⤀ 琀漀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 攀渀攀爀最礀 瀀甀氀猀攀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
e) Low injected spheromak lifetimes in part due to high thermal electron emission from the conical plasma injector wall.</P>਍ഀഀ
 ਍㰀倀㸀吀漀 愀瘀漀椀搀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 昀愀琀椀最甀攀Ⰰ 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀 眀攀愀爀 愀渀搀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 猀愀昀攀琀礀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 椀洀瀀氀椀挀椀琀 眀椀琀栀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀✀猀 甀猀攀 漀昀 猀琀攀愀洀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀漀爀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 甀猀攀猀 昀氀礀眀栀攀攀氀 最甀渀 愀猀猀攀洀戀氀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最椀渀最 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀⸀ 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀猀 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀漀爀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀ⴀ 㐀　 洀 ⼀ 猀㰀⼀䈀㸀 眀栀攀爀攀愀猀 䴀䘀䤀 愀渀琀椀挀椀瀀愀琀攀猀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀椀渀最 愀渀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀 㰀䈀㸀ⴀ ㌀　　 洀 ⼀ 猀㰀⼀䈀㸀 甀猀漀渀最 昀氀礀眀栀攀攀氀 最甀渀猀⸀  吀栀椀猀 栀椀最栀攀爀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 挀氀漀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 椀猀 椀猀 挀漀洀瀀愀琀椀戀氀攀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀愀氀椀猀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀愀戀氀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀猀⸀  吀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀氀愀琀攀猀 甀猀攀 漀昀 愀 氀愀爀最攀爀 搀椀愀洀攀琀攀爀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀 挀漀渀攀 琀漀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 攀砀琀攀渀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀猀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>MTF PROGRESS:</B><BR>਍䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 ㈀　　㈀ 琀漀 ㈀　㄀㈀ 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 搀椀搀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀⸀  䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀渀 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀 昀漀爀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀椀渀最 愀渀搀 洀愀渀椀瀀甀氀愀琀椀渀最 洀漀搀攀猀琀 猀椀稀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀 甀猀椀渀最 愀渀 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>Rwa = 0.5 m</B><BR>਍ 甀瀀猀琀爀攀愀洀 爀愀搀椀甀猀  愀渀搀 愀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>Rwb = 0.1 m</B><BR>਍ 搀漀眀渀猀琀爀愀洀 爀愀搀椀甀猀⸀  䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀氀礀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 愀 氀愀爀最攀爀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀漀爀⼀瀀氀愀猀洀愀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>Rwa = 1.0 m</B><BR>਍ 甀瀀猀琀爀攀愀洀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 愀渀搀 愀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>Rwb = 0.2 m</B><BR>਍ 搀漀眀渀猀琀爀攀愀洀 爀愀搀椀甀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 栀愀猀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀氀礀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 栀愀氀昀 猀椀稀攀 挀漀渀椀挀愀氀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 椀渀樀攀挀琀漀爀 眀椀琀栀 愀 㰀䈀㸀㐀堀㰀⼀䈀㸀 琀漀 㰀䈀㸀㔀堀㰀⼀䈀㸀 氀椀渀攀愀爀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 愀 㰀䈀㸀㈀　堀㰀⼀䈀㸀 琀漀 㰀䈀㸀㈀㔀堀㰀⼀䈀㸀 最愀椀渀 椀渀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 琀爀愀瀀瀀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 栀愀猀 最愀琀栀攀爀攀搀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 搀愀琀愀 琀栀愀琀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀昀椀爀洀猀 琀栀攀 䴀䘀䤀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 猀攀琀 漀甀琀 漀渀 琀栀椀猀 眀攀戀 猀椀琀攀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
 ਍㰀倀㸀䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 栀愀猀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀氀礀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀搀 愀渀 椀渀眀愀爀搀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 眀愀氀氀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>4500 m / s</B><BR>਍ 愀猀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 猀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
 <B>2077 m / s</B>.<BR>਍䠀攀渀挀攀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 栀愀猀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 椀渀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最攀渀挀攀 戀攀栀愀瘀攀猀 愀猀 愀渀 椀渀挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀戀氀攀 昀氀甀椀搀 愀戀漀瘀攀 椀琀猀 漀眀渀 猀瀀攀攀搀 漀昀 猀漀甀渀搀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀渀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 ㈀　㄀㈀ 椀琀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀搀 愀渀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀㘀　　 洀椀挀爀漀猀攀挀漀渀搀猀㰀⼀䈀㸀 愀琀 愀琀 愀 琀爀愀瀀瀀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 㰀䈀㸀㄀　　 攀嘀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀  吀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀椀渀最 瀀漀氀漀椀搀愀氀 洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 昀椀攀氀搀 眀愀猀 愀戀漀甀琀 㰀䈀㸀　⸀㐀 吀㰀⼀䈀㸀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>PIF PROCESS DEVELOPMENT CHRONOLOGY:</B><BR>਍䘀爀漀洀 愀渀 攀渀最椀渀攀攀爀椀渀最 瀀攀爀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 䴀椀挀爀漀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 㰀䈀㸀倀氀愀猀洀愀 䤀洀瀀愀挀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 ⠀倀䤀䘀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 㰀䈀㸀䴀愀最渀攀琀椀稀攀搀 吀愀爀最攀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 ⠀䴀吀䘀⤀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀⸀  䈀漀琀栀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 愀爀攀 愀椀洀攀搀 愀琀 漀戀琀愀椀渀椀渀最 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀爀漀洀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 昀甀猀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 㰀䈀㸀䴀吀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀氀愀琀攀猀 甀猀攀 漀昀 猀琀攀愀洀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 椀洀瀀愀挀琀漀爀猀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀攀 愀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最攀渀琀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀⸀  吀栀攀 䴀䘀䤀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀氀愀琀攀猀 甀猀攀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 椀渀攀爀琀 最愀猀 瀀漀眀攀爀攀搀 最甀渀猀 琀漀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀最攀渀琀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀 ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀攀搀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 愀渀搀 㰀䈀㸀䴀吀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀  瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀 瀀愀爀琀 爀漀漀琀攀搀 椀渀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀洀愀最渀攀琀椀挀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀瀀攀爀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>In October 2012 this author identified that practical spheromaks do not contain enough ions to provide the number of ions required by the subsequent fusion reaction.  Hence, neutral deuterium-tritium injection into the liquid lead shell is required, after the  liquid lead shell has formed and closed around the spheromaks, to provide the required quantity of random plasma ions for adiabatic compression by the radially converging liquid lead shell walls. A sufficient amount of neutral deuterium-tritium gas cannot be injected earlier because it causes immediate spheromak randomization.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㈀　㄀㈀ 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 愀 瀀漀琀攀渀琀椀愀氀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 椀渀 琀栀攀 㰀䈀㸀倀䤀䘀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀攀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 氀椀昀攀琀椀洀攀 戀攀椀渀最 猀栀漀爀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 愀爀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀猀⸀  䤀渀 洀椀搀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 ㈀　㄀㈀ 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 琀栀攀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 愀猀 戀攀椀渀最 愀渀 攀砀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 椀渀樀攀挀琀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀愀挀甀甀洀 挀栀愀洀戀攀爀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>In early January 2013 this author found that the plasma injector neck should be enlarged from the 0.4 m adopted by General Fusion to about <B>0.6 m</B> in diameter to simultaneously meet both the spheromak energy and lifetime requirements.  The <B>0.6 m</B> axial port size is also convenient from an equipment assembly perspective as it is sufficient to allow a man access to work inside the pressure vessel sphere.</P>਍ ഀഀ
<P>In mid January 2013 this author recognized that extraction of recombined gas atoms resulting from spheromak compression is crtitical for obtaining sufficient spheromak lifetime to enable spherical liquid lead shell formation around the spheromaks prior to spheromak randomization.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>In early February 2013 this author found consistent closed form solutions to the liquid lead compression system's dimensional parameters.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>In early March 2013 this author concluded that to keep the structural materials within their safe working stress limits the liquid lead spherical shell should be formed via synchronized gun assembly instead of by the liquid lead vortex method that has been pursued by General Fusion.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>In late March 2013 this author recognized that one of the constraining elements of the PIF equipment design is the time required  close the ball valves for the 0.6 m diameter axial spheromak injection ports in the pressure vessel sphere.  This port closure is required to prevent high velocity liquid lead, sprayed by the the fusion energy pulses, from damaging the spheromak generation and compression apparatus.  This port closure also  reduces the lead  vapor extraction by the vacuum system.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>In early April 2013 this author concluded that the pneumatic gun propellant gas must be easily removed via a cryogenic trap.  Hence He-4 is not suitable as a gun propellant. Argon, an inert gas with a higher condensation temperature, is much more suitable.  Other inert gases with high condensation temperatures should also be considered.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>In mid April 2013 this author found that improper interpretation of Thomson scattering and ion doppler data likely accounts for the discrepency in the number of spheromak free electrons between the MFI theory and the General Fusion experimental data.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>In November 2013 this author found a closed form mathematical solution to certain spheromak related structural issues that may lead to further improvement of the PIF Process.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>In late February 2014 this author found that the most practical methods of reducing the concentration of neutral gas atoms that limit the spheromak lifetime are to increase the efficiency of the spheromak generator ion gun  so that there are less neutral gas atoms injected into the vacuum system and to enlarge the vacuum system volume.   If <B>Fg</B> is the ion gun efficiency (nominally Fg = 0.1) and <B>Volv</B> is the evacuated volume (nominally Volv = 43.3 m^3 per spheromak) the product <B>(Fg Volv)</B> must be further increased about three fold to make the PIF system work as contemplated.  The most elegant way of increasing the product <B>(Fg Volv)</B> is to increase the ion gun efficiency, but failing that then the vacuum chamber volume must be increased.  Increasing the vacuum chamber volume increases the pump down time between fusion pulses, which reduces the return on invested capital, so further development work related to increasing the spheromak generator ion gun efficiency is justified.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 一漀瘀攀洀戀攀爀 ㈀　㄀㐀 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 挀漀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 椀猀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 琀漀 挀漀渀昀椀最甀爀攀 琀栀攀 倀䤀䘀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 琀漀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 爀愀搀椀愀氀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀 ⴀ ㌀　　 洀 ⼀ 猀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 ㈀　㄀㔀 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀甀甀渀搀 愀渀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀  挀氀漀猀攀搀 昀漀爀洀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀氀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 焀甀愀渀琀椀昀椀攀猀 琀栀攀 昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀挀琀甀愀氀氀礀 爀攀愀挀琀⸀  䤀琀 眀愀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 漀渀氀礀 愀戀漀甀琀 栀愀氀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀搀 搀攀甀琀攀爀椀甀洀ⴀ琀爀椀琀椀甀洀 椀漀渀猀 眀椀氀氀 昀甀猀攀⸀  吀栀椀猀 焀甀愀渀琀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 挀漀渀昀椀爀洀攀搀 琀栀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 昀漀爀 愀渀 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 ⴀ ㌀　　 洀 ⼀ 猀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀渀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㈀　㄀㔀 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀 挀氀漀猀攀搀 昀漀爀洀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀 猀栀愀瀀攀 瀀愀爀愀洀攀琀攀爀㨀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
So = (Rs / Rc)^0.5<BR>਍琀漀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀爀最攀 栀漀猀攀 眀椀渀搀椀渀最 爀愀琀椀漀 ⠀一瀀 ⼀ 一琀⤀⸀ 琀栀椀猀 爀攀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀栀椀瀀 挀愀渀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 琀漀琀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 漀昀 愀 猀瀀栀攀爀漀洀愀欀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䤀渀 攀愀爀氀礀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㈀　㄀㔀 琀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀 漀昀 攀渀攀爀最礀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 椀渀 愀 瘀愀挀甀甀洀 椀猀 琀漀 甀猀攀 昀氀礀眀栀攀攀氀 最甀渀猀⸀  䄀琀 愀 瀀攀爀椀洀攀琀攀爀 琀愀渀最攀渀琀椀愀氀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 ㌀　　 洀 ⼀ 猀 猀甀挀栀 昀氀礀眀栀攀攀氀 最甀渀猀 挀愀渀 戀攀 爀攀愀氀椀稀攀搀 甀猀椀渀最 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀氀礀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>PROJECTED PERFORMANCE:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 渀攀琀 栀攀愀琀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 椀猀 挀甀爀爀攀渀琀氀礀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 戀攀 愀戀漀甀琀 㰀䈀㸀㘀　　 䴀䨀㰀⼀䈀㸀 瀀攀爀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀⸀  吀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 漀瀀攀爀愀琀椀渀最 瀀漀椀渀琀 椀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 漀昀 渀攀琀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 愀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀挀礀 眀椀琀栀 眀栀椀挀栀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀渀猀昀攀爀爀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 猀栀攀氀氀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀挀礀 漀昀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 椀渀琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 琀椀洀椀渀最 愀渀搀 洀甀稀稀氀攀 瘀攀氀漀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 最甀渀猀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀氀礀 瀀爀攀挀椀猀攀氀礀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀氀攀搀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䔀愀挀栀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 攀渀攀爀最礀 瀀甀氀猀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 椀渀 愀 琀爀愀渀猀椀攀渀琀 栀椀最栀 最愀猀⼀瘀愀瀀漀爀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 琀栀攀 猀瀀栀攀爀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀猀猀攀氀 愀渀搀 最甀渀猀⸀  䤀猀猀甀攀猀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 挀漀漀氀椀渀最 愀渀搀 瘀愀挀甀甀洀 瀀甀洀瀀 漀甀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀猀甀爀攀 瘀攀猀猀攀氀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀椀瘀攀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 氀椀洀椀琀 琀栀攀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀 爀愀琀攀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 琀愀爀最攀琀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀挀礀 漀昀 漀渀攀 瀀甀氀猀攀 瀀攀爀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀琀攀洀瀀氀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 椀猀 漀瘀攀爀 漀瀀琀椀洀椀猀琀椀挀⸀  䤀渀 琀栀攀 渀攀愀爀 琀攀爀洀 愀渀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀  昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀 昀爀攀焀甀攀渀挀礀 漀昀 漀渀攀 瀀甀氀猀攀 瀀攀爀 ㄀　 猀攀挀漀渀搀猀 洀愀礀 戀攀 挀氀漀猀攀爀 琀漀 爀攀愀氀椀琀礀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀伀渀挀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀愀渀挀攀 挀漀渀猀琀爀愀椀渀琀猀 愀爀攀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 琀栀攀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 挀愀渀 戀攀 猀椀稀攀搀 琀漀 洀愀砀椀洀椀稀攀 椀琀猀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀愀渀挀攀 愀渀搀 洀椀渀椀洀椀稀攀 椀琀猀 挀漀猀琀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀䰀伀䄀䐀 䘀伀䰀䰀伀圀䤀一䜀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
A feature of a PIF nuclear fusion power system is that it is inherently modular.  The average net power output from each module can be rapidly changed to track changes in the grid electricity load.  If one module is shut down for service other modules at the same site can continue operating.  Hence the overall system reliability is high, the load following ramp rate is high and the transmission costs are low making electrical kWhs output from distributed nuclear fusion reactors inherently more valuable than electrical kWhs output from centrally located nuclear fission reactors.<BR>਍☀渀戀猀瀀㬀㰀⼀倀㸀 ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>SAFETY:</B><BR>਍䄀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 椀猀 椀渀栀攀爀攀渀琀氀礀 瘀攀爀礀 猀愀昀攀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀漀 猀甀猀琀愀椀渀 琀栀攀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 琀栀攀爀攀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 漀渀最漀椀渀最 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀 漀爀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀攀攀搀戀愀挀欀⸀  䄀戀漀甀琀 㔀　─ 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 栀攀愀琀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 昀爀漀洀 攀愀挀栀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀 椀猀 搀攀搀椀挀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀爀椀最最攀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 渀攀砀琀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀甀氀猀攀⸀  圀椀琀栀漀甀琀 琀栀椀猀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀攀攀搀戀愀挀欀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 猀琀漀瀀猀 愀渀搀 栀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 琀栀攀爀洀愀氀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 搀椀猀愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀攀攀搀戀愀挀欀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀 挀漀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 琀漀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 挀漀渀瘀攀爀猀椀漀渀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 瀀攀爀 渀攀琀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀 欀圀栀 漀昀 瀀氀愀渀琀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 椀猀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀椀渀最 挀愀瀀椀琀愀氀 挀漀猀琀 昀漀爀 愀 昀椀猀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀⸀  匀椀洀椀氀愀爀氀礀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀氀椀渀最 眀愀琀攀爀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀 椀猀 最爀攀愀琀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀漀氀椀渀最 眀愀琀攀爀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀 昀椀猀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 渀攀琀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>As compared to a nuclear fission reactor a nuclear fusion reactor provides the following public safety advantages:<BR>਍㄀⤀ 圀栀攀渀 愀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀漀爀 椀猀 猀栀甀琀 搀漀眀渀 椀琀猀 栀攀愀琀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 最漀攀猀 琀漀 稀攀爀漀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
2) Nuclear fusion reactors do not produce large inventories of long lived radio isotopes.<BR>਍㌀⤀ 吀栀攀爀攀 愀爀攀 渀漀 爀攀愀挀琀漀爀 瀀漀椀猀漀渀猀 ⠀昀椀猀猀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀⤀ 琀栀愀琀 氀椀洀椀琀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀 氀漀愀搀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 挀愀瀀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 愀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀漀爀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
4) If a terrorist attacks a nuclear fusion power plant there is little opportunity for causing damage outside the plant perimeter.<BR>਍㔀⤀ 䘀爀漀洀 愀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 猀愀昀攀琀礀 瀀攀爀猀瀀攀挀琀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀甀爀椀琀礀 漀昀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 洀愀琀攀爀椀愀氀猀 椀渀猀椀搀攀 愀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀 椀猀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 愀 渀漀渀ⴀ椀猀猀甀攀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀吀栀攀 挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀昀漀爀攀洀攀渀琀椀漀渀攀搀 猀愀昀攀琀礀 昀攀愀琀甀爀攀猀 愀氀氀漀眀猀 搀攀瀀氀漀礀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀猀 椀渀 爀攀洀漀琀攀 愀爀攀愀猀 眀椀琀栀 洀愀樀漀爀 挀漀猀琀 猀愀瘀椀渀最猀 椀渀 戀漀琀栀 氀愀戀漀爀 愀渀搀 氀漀渀最 搀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 琀爀愀渀猀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P> ਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀䈀㸀䔀䌀伀一伀䴀䤀䌀匀㨀㰀⼀䈀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
The economics of a <B>PIF</B> system are governed by the system capital cost and the average net electricity output, which is proportional to both the net electrical energy output per fusion pulse and the fusion pulse frequency.  The time interval between successive fusion pulses contains sequential time delays for condensation of lead vapor, draining hot liquid lead and  re-establishing a high vacuum.  Each of these sequential time delays may be several seconds in duration.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>The total of these time delays determines the period between successive fusion pulses and hence the fusion pulse frequency.</P>਍ഀഀ
<P>The challenge is to make the fusion pulse frequency high enough to provide an adequate return on invested capital. Present  estimates  indicate that the capital cost and average electricity output of a <B>PIF</B> system are comparable to a small wind farm.  However, a <B>PIF</B> system can be located much closer to the electricity load than most wind farms and the net electrical power output from a <B>PIF</B> system can be nearly constant.  Hence a <B>PIF</B> system avoids high electricity transmission costs and the high balancing generation and/or  energy storage costs associated with wind generation.</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P>Fusion power makes economic sense to parties that recognize the following costs related to fission power systems:<BR>਍愀⤀ 匀愀昀攀琀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 攀渀猀甀爀攀 猀愀昀攀 爀攀洀漀瘀愀氀 漀昀 昀椀猀猀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 搀攀挀愀礀 栀攀愀琀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
b) Safety measures required to protect against malicious attack;<BR>਍挀⤀ 匀愀昀攀琀礀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀猀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀搀 琀漀 瀀爀攀瘀攀渀琀 渀甀挀氀攀愀爀 眀攀愀瀀漀渀 瀀爀漀氀椀昀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
d) Safety measures requred to protect against extreme environmental events such as earthquakes, tidal waves, hurricanes and floods;<BR>਍攀⤀ 吀栀攀 挀漀猀琀 漀昀 瀀漀眀攀爀 琀爀愀渀猀洀椀猀猀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀氀礀 氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 昀椀猀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀漀爀猀 琀漀 爀攀洀漀琀攀 氀漀愀搀猀㬀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
f) The cost of spent fission fuel disposal<BR>਍最⤀ 吀栀攀 挀漀猀琀 漀昀 猀甀瀀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 琀爀椀最最攀爀攀搀 戀礀 椀渀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 眀愀琀攀爀 洀漀搀攀爀愀琀攀搀 昀椀猀猀椀漀渀 爀攀愀挀琀漀爀猀 琀漀 攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀氀礀 昀漀氀氀漀眀 愀 爀愀瀀椀搀氀礀 挀栀愀渀最椀渀最 最爀椀搀 氀漀愀搀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䄀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 瀀漀眀攀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀 搀攀猀椀最渀 椀猀猀甀攀 椀猀 琀栀愀琀 戀氀愀挀欀 猀琀愀爀琀 漀昀 愀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀 洀漀搀甀氀攀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 愀渀 攀砀琀攀爀渀愀氀 瀀漀眀攀爀 猀漀甀爀挀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀搀甀氀攀✀猀 渀攀琀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀愀氀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 挀愀瀀愀挀椀琀礀⸀  吀栀椀猀 搀椀猀愀搀瘀愀渀琀愀最攀 挀愀渀 戀攀 洀椀琀椀最愀琀攀搀 戀礀 氀漀挀愀琀椀渀最 洀甀氀琀椀瀀氀攀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 洀漀搀甀氀攀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 猀椀琀攀 愀渀搀 猀琀愀爀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀洀 猀攀焀甀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀 椀猀猀甀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 琀漀 昀甀猀椀漀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 猀礀猀琀攀洀猀 椀渀挀漀爀瀀漀爀愀琀椀渀最 氀椀焀甀椀搀 氀攀愀搀 愀搀椀愀戀愀琀椀挀 瀀氀愀猀洀愀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 漀甀琀瀀甀琀 瘀椀戀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 愀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀愀爀愀戀氀攀 琀漀 琀栀攀 瘀椀戀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 攀洀椀琀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 搀椀攀猀攀氀 攀渀最椀渀攀 漀昀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 猀栀椀瀀⸀  吀栀攀猀攀 瘀椀戀爀愀琀椀漀渀猀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀椀猀 琀礀瀀攀 漀昀 瀀漀眀攀爀 瀀氀愀渀琀 甀渀猀甀椀琀愀戀氀攀 昀漀爀 椀渀猀琀愀氀氀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 愀 搀攀渀猀攀 甀爀戀愀渀 愀爀攀愀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>਍ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
<P><B>COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES:</B><BR>਍吀栀攀 漀戀瘀椀漀甀猀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 倀氀愀猀洀愀 䤀洀瀀愀挀琀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 攀焀甀椀瀀洀攀渀琀 椀猀 昀漀爀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀挀椀琀礀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀吀栀椀猀 愀甀琀栀漀爀 椀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瘀椀攀眀 琀栀愀琀 䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀挀⸀ 愀渀搀 䴀椀挀爀漀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䤀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䰀椀洀椀琀攀搀 猀栀漀甀氀搀 琀爀礀 琀漀 挀漀洀攀 琀漀 愀 洀甀琀甀愀氀 愀挀挀漀洀洀漀搀愀琀椀漀渀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀愀氀 愀洀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 琀攀挀栀渀漀氀漀最礀 愀渀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 攀愀挀栀 渀攀攀搀猀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀漀爀 氀漀渀最 琀攀爀洀 瀀爀漀猀瀀攀爀椀琀礀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
&nbsp;</P>   ਍ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀㰀匀䴀䄀䰀䰀㸀吀栀椀猀 眀攀戀 瀀愀最攀 氀愀猀琀 甀瀀搀愀琀攀搀 䄀瀀爀椀氀 㘀Ⰰ ㈀　㄀㔀⸀㰀⼀匀䴀䄀䰀䰀㸀㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀⼀䘀伀一吀㸀ഀഀ
਍㰀倀㸀ഀഀ
<TABLE BGCOLOR="#EEDDDD" ALIGN="left" CELLSPACING="2" CELLPADDING="10">਍㰀吀刀㸀㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀椀渀搀攀砀⸀栀琀洀⌀栀漀洀攀瀀愀最攀∀㸀䠀漀洀攀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Energy Contents.htm">Energy</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䴀椀挀爀漀 䘀甀猀椀漀渀 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀一甀挀氀攀愀爀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Electricity Contents.htm">Electricity</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀䌀氀椀洀愀琀攀 䌀漀渀琀攀渀琀猀⸀栀琀洀∀㸀䌀氀椀洀愀琀攀 䌀栀愀渀最攀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Lighting Contents.htm">Lighting Control</A></TH>਍㰀吀䠀㸀㰀䄀 䠀刀䔀䘀㴀∀挀漀渀琀愀挀琀猀⸀栀琀洀⌀挀漀渀琀愀挀琀猀∀㸀䌀漀渀琀愀挀琀猀㰀⼀䄀㸀㰀⼀吀䠀㸀   ഀഀ
<TH><A HREF="Links.htm#links">Links</A></TH>਍㰀⼀吀刀㸀ഀഀ
</TABLE>਍㰀⼀倀㸀ഀഀ
਍ഀഀ
</BODY>਍㰀⼀䠀吀䴀䰀㸀�